Higher education policy-making may attempt far-reaching reform of the post-secondary system and its inherited institutions. It may be oriented towards the replacement of distinctions between the academic and the non-academic as well as the transformation of the traditional university concept by means of a new conception of the organization of the post-secondary sector, the comprehensive university. Higher education policy-making may display not only great ambition but also policy extravagance. Maybe the Swedish 1977 higher education reform is the most ambitious attempt so far to implement the notions inherent in the comprehensive university. Maybe the element of policy extravagance was at times most conspicuous in the extended period of policy-making in Sweden culminating in the 1977 reform bill as it was even suggested that the universities of Uppsala (1477) and Lund (1668) were to be officially designated Högskolan i Uppsala and Högskolan i Lund-Malmö respectively. It may be interesting to find out the attitudes of those responsible for the day-to-day operations of the universities and colleges. This article presents the results of the first national survey of Swedish teachers and researchers in so far as they pertain to the evaluation of the 1977 reform. 相似文献
The relevance for educational theory of Piaget's cognitive and developmental psychology is examined, especially as teaching of concepts and operations is concerned. Piaget's constructivism and his assimilation theory are found to be most useful. His equilibration concept and his one-step model of concept construction, however, limit the applicability of the theory. Related to these traits of Piaget's psychology is the tacit assumption that experiments simply uncover cognitive structures, which are said to build up during the child's spontaneous activities. An alternative conception of developmental processes and of cognitive learning is offered, in which an elaboration concept, language, and social stimulation are central.
Résumé On a examiné la signification pédagogique de la psychologie du développement cognitif de Piaget, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'enseignement de concepts et d'opérations. Les notions piagétiennes d'assimilation et de constructivisme se révèlent des plus utiles. Cependant, son concept de l'équilibre structural et sa notion de l'élaboration de concepts limitent l'applicabilité de sa théorie. Rattachée à ces aspects de la psychologie de Piaget se trouve l'idée que les expériences ne font que mettre à nu des structures cognitives qui se seraient construites au cours des activités spontanées de l'enfant. Cet article propose une interprétation différente des processus du développement et de l'apprentissage cognitif, où le langage, la construction de concepts, et la stimulation sociale occupent une place centrale.
In view of the research on education—and subject-related education in particular—that has been conducted in recent years,
it would seem useful to describe the current state and future trends of research on science teaching and learning. In the
present article, research findings are described, the deficits of science education are analyzed, and medium- and long-term
research goals are specified from the perspective of an interdisciplinary cooperative effort between specialists in the fields
of empirical educational research; the psychology of learning and instruction; and biology, chemistry, and physics education.
Revised and supplemented version of Fischer, H. E., Klemm, K., Leutner, D., Sumfleth, E., Tiemann, R., and Wirth, J. (2003).
Naturwissenschaftsdidaktische Lehr-Lernforschung: Defizite und Desiderata [Natural science-didactical learning research: Deficits
and desiderata]. Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften, 9, 179–208. 相似文献
The purpose of this study was to examine reciprocal associations between identity processes (commitment, in‐depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) and dimensions (support, negative interaction, and power) of maternal, paternal, and sibling relationships. A total of 497 Dutch families including 14‐years‐old adolescents (56.9% males), their fathers, mothers, and siblings, for a total of 1,988 respondents, participated in a five‐wave longitudinal study. Cross‐lagged analyses indicated that commitment and in‐depth exploration predicted improvements in family relationships (unidirectional effects), whereas reconsideration of commitment was predicted by low levels of maternal support and worsened the quality of the paternal relationship (reciprocal effects). These results were not moderated by adolescents' gender and sibling characteristics. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
On the basis of a study of the literature and of empirical research, the article puts forward suggestions for the improvement of teacher training programmes within a dual system.
A consecutive approach to training implies that a student spends a part of the training period in an educational institution and a part in a practical situation (i.e. on teaching practice). However, the consecutive system presents considerable problems in respect both of organisation and of the psychology of learning. Organisationally, there is the question of sequence to be faced, if the elements of theory and practice are to be brought together.
On the basis of a study of the literature of other forms of professional training, the following suggestions are made:
students’ activities in the school must re‐inforce their learning and be integrated with their work in the training institution;
their educational studies must support the acquisition of the competences needed by the teacher at the outset of his/her professional career;
attention must be paid to the learning needs and the potential of each student.
The article describes how a teacher training programme may follow these guidelines, leading to a ‘concurrent’ set of cycles bringing together elements of theory, practice and reflection upon practice, and in which a student may alternate between the academic institution and school practice.
After giving an overview of possible models of training the author focuses upon a specific example and provides a model of the institution‐practice link. What is important is that the learning style of the student be taken into account. Each student selects from four alternative programmes, namely: instructional variants, reflection variants, selfstudy variants, and practice variants. The contents of these four programmes are explained, and the learning outcomes of students from these differentiated programmes compared with those of students from undifferentiated, ‘normal’ programs. In summary, it is claimed that in the research project described there are positive indications for a theory‐practice link which gives students a choice of approaches and a better integration of their learning into the practical classroom situation. 相似文献
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